The Federalist Papers
By James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay 1787-1788
Soon after the American colonies declared their Independence
from Britain, the "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual
Union" were drafted to serve as the bonding document between
the newly formed United States. But the confederation was weak,
which necessitated the drafting of the Constitution of the United
States of America. The Constitutional Convention was a heated
affair, with great and learned debate about how the new constitution
should be structured. Once drafted, at least nine state legislatures
had to ratify it. Madison, Hamilton, and Jay, in an effort to
persuade the voters of New York and other states of the importance
of ratification, wrote a series of papers explaining and defending
the new constitution.
To this day, The Federalist Papers, written
under the pseudonym "Publius," remain the most definitive resource
for legal and historic scholars in search of the original intent
of our Constitution.
The Federalist Papers consist of 85 papers or sections, all are listed below. A single full zipped file (3.8 mb) can be found in the PDF Files on the main menu, however not all individual sections are yet available
Federalist No. 1 - General Introduction
Federalist No. 2 - Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence
Federalist No. 3 - (Continued - Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence)
Federalist No. 4 - (Continued - Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence)
Federalist No. 5 - (Continued - Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence)
Federalist No. 6 - Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States
Federalist No. 7 - (Continued - Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States)
Federalist No. 8 - The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States
Federalist No. 9 - The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection
Federalist No. 10 - (Continued - The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection)
Federalist No. 11 - The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy
Federalist No. 12 - The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue
Federalist No. 13 - Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government
Federalist No. 14 - Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered
Federalist No. 15 - The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
Federalist No. 17 - (Continued The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union)
Federalist No. 21 - Other Defects of the Present Confederation
Federalist No. 22 - (Continued - Other Defects of the Present Confederation)
Federalist No. 24 - The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered
Federalist No. 25 - (Continued - The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered)
Federalist No. 29 - Concerning the Militia
Federalist No. 30 - Concerning the General Power of Taxation
Federalist No. 31 - (Continued - Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
Federalist No. 32 - (Continued - Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
Federalist No. 33 - (Continued - Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
Federalist No. 34 - (Continued - Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
Federalist No. 35 - (Continued - Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
Federalist No. 36 - (Continued - Concerning the General Power of Taxation)
Federalist No. 39 - The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles
Federalist No. 41 - General View of the Powers Conferred by The Constitution
Federalist No. 42 - The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered
Federalist No. 43 - (Continued - The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered)
Federalist No. 44 - Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States
Federalist No. 45 - The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments
Federalist No. 46 - The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared
Federalist No. 50 - Periodical Appeals to the People Considered
Federalist No. 52 - The House of Representatives
Federalist No. 53 - Continued (The House of Representatives)
Federalist No. 54 - The Apportionment of Members Among the States
Federalist No. 55 - The Total Number of the House of Representatives
Federalist No. 56 - Continued (The Total Number of the House of Representatives) James Madison
Federalist No. 59 - Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members
Federalist No. 61 - Continued (Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members)
Federalist No. 62 - The Senate
Federalist No. 63 - The Senate Continued
Federalist No. 64 - The Powers of the Senate
Federalist No. 65 - The Powers of the Senate Continued
Federalist No. 67 - The Executive Department
Federalist No. 68 - The Mode of Electing the President
Federalist No. 69 - The Real Character of the Executive
Federalist No. 70 - The Executive Department Further Considered
Federalist No. 71 - The Duration in Office of the Executive
Federalist No. 72 - Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered
Federalist No. 73 - The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power
Federalist No. 75 - The Treaty-Making Power of the Executive
Federalist No. 76 - The Appointing Power of the Executive
Federalist No. 77 - The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered
Federalist No. 78 - The Judiciary Department
Federalist No. 79 - The Judiciary Continued
Federalist No. 80 - The Powers of the Judiciary
Federalist No. 81 - The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority
Federalist No. 82 - The Judiciary Continued
Federalist No. 83 - The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury
Federalist No. 85 - Concluding Remarks
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